Olmec Religion - the First Mesoamerican Civilization

Olmec Religion - the First Mesoamerican Civilization The Olmec civilization (1200-400 B.C.) was the first major Mesoamerican culture and laid the foundation for several later civilizations. Many aspects of Olmec culture remain a mystery, which is not surprising considering how long ago their society went into decline. Nevertheless, archaeologists have been able to make surprising progress in learning about the religion of the ancient Olmec people. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture lasted roughly from 1200 B.C. to 400 B.C. and flourished along Mexicos Gulf coast. The Olmec built major cities at San Lorenzo and La Venta, in the present day states of Veracruz and Tabasco respectively. The Olmec were farmers, warriors and traders, and the few clues they left behind indicate a rich culture. Their civilization collapsed by 400 A. D. - archaeologists are unsure as to why - but several later cultures, including the Aztec and the Maya, were profoundly influenced by the Olmec. The Continuity Hypothesis Archaeologists have struggled to put together the few clues that remain today from the Olmec culture which vanished well over 2,000 years ago. Facts about the ancient Olmec are hard to come by. Modern researchers must use three sources for information on the religion of ancient Mesoamerican cultures: Analysis of relics including sculpture, buildings and ancient texts when availableEarly Spanish reports of religious and cultural practicesEthnographic studies of modern-day traditional religious practices in certain communities Experts who have studied the Aztecs, Maya and other ancient Mesoamerican religions have come to an interesting conclusion: these religions share certain characteristics, indicating a much older, foundational system of belief. Peter Joralemon proposed the Continuity Hypothesis to fill in the gaps left by incomplete records and studies. According to Joralemon there is a basic religious system common to all Mesoamerican peoples. This system took shape long before it was given monumental expression in Olmec art and survived long after the Spanish conquered the New Worlds major political and religious centers. (Joralemon quoted in Diehl, 98). In other words, other cultures can fill in the blanks in regards to Olmec society. One example is the Popol Vuh. Although it is normally associated with the Maya, there are nevertheless many instances of Olmec art and sculpture that seemingly show images or scenes from the Popol Vuh. One instance is the nearly identical statues of the Hero Twins at t he Azuzul archaeological site. The Five Aspects of Olmec Religion Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements associated with Olmec Religion. These include: A cosmos which identifies the socio-cultural context within which Gods and man interactedDivine beings and gods who controlled the universe and interacted with menA shaman or priest class who acted as intermediaries between the common Olmec people and their gods and spiritsRituals enacted by shamans and/or rulers that reinforced the concepts of the cosmosSacred sites, both natural and man-made Olmec Cosmology Like many early Mesoamerican cultures, the Olmec believed in three tiers of existence: the physical realm they inhabited, an underworld and a sky realm, home of most of the gods. Their world was bound together by the four cardinal points and natural boundaries such as rivers, the ocean and mountains. The most important aspect of Olmec life was agriculture, so it is no surprise that the Olmec agricultural/fertility cult, gods and rituals were extremely important. The rulers and kings of the Olmec had an important role to play as intermediaries between the realms, although it is unknown exactly what relationship to their gods they claimed. Olmec Deities The Olmec had several deities whose images repeatedly appear in surviving sculptures, stonecarvings and other artistic forms. Their names have been lost to time, but archaeologists identify them by their characteristics. No fewer than eight regularly-appearing Olmec deities have been identified. These are the designations given to them by Joralemon: The Olmec DragonThe Bird MonsterThe Fish MonsterThe Banded-eye GodThe Maize GodThe Water GodThe Were-jaguarThe Feathered Serpent Most of these gods would later figure prominently in other cultures, such as the Maya. Currently, there is insufficient information about the roles these gods played in Olmec society or specifically how each was worshiped. Olmec Sacred Places The Olmecs considered certain man-made and natural places sacred. Man-made places included temples, plazas and ball courts and natural places included springs, caves, mountaintops and rivers. No building easily identifiable as an Olmec temple has been discovered; nevertheless, there are many raised platforms which probably served as bases upon which temples were built of some perishable material such as wood. Complex A at La Venta archaeological site is commonly accepted as a religious complex. Although the only ballcourt identified at an Olmec site comes from the post-Olmec era at San Lorenzo, there is nevertheless much evidence that the Olmecs played the game, including carved likenesses of players and preserved rubber balls found at the El Manatà ­ site. The Olmec venerated natural sites as well. El Manatà ­ is a bog where offerings were left by the Olmecs, probably those who lived at San Lorenzo. Offerings included wooden carvings, rubber balls, figurines, knives, axes and more. Although caves are rare in the Olmec region, some of their carvings indicate a reverence for them: in some stonecarvings the cave is the mouth of the Olmec Dragon. Caves in Guerrero state have paintings inside which are associated with the Olmec. Like many ancient cultures, the Olmecs venerated mountains: an Olmec sculpture was found close to the summit of the San Martà ­n Pajapan Volcano, and many archaeologists believe that man-made hills at sites such as La Venta are meant to represent sacred mountains for rituals. Olmec Shamans There is strong evidence that the Olmec had a shaman class in their society. Later Mesoamerican cultures which derived from the Olmec had full-time priests who acted as intermediaries between the common people and the divine. There are sculptures of shamans apparently transforming from humans into were-jaguars. Bones of toads with hallucinogenic properties have been found at Olmec sites: the mind-altering drugs were presumably used by shamans. The rulers of Olmec cities probably served as shamans as well: rulers were likely considered to have a special relationship with the gods and many of their ceremonial functions were religious. Sharp objects, such as stingray spines, have been found at Olmec sites and were most likely used in sacrificial bloodletting rituals. Olmec Religious Rituals and Ceremonies Of Diehls five foundations of Olmec religion, the rituals are the least known to modern researchers. The presence of ceremonial objects, such as stingray spines for bloodletting, indicate that there were, indeed, important rituals, but any details of said ceremonies have been lost to time. Human bones - particularly of infants - have been found at some sites, suggesting human sacrifice, which was later important among the Maya, Aztec and other cultures. The presence of rubber balls indicates that the Olmec played this game. Later cultures would assign a religious and ceremonial context to the game, and it is reasonable to suspect that the Olmec did as well. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008Cyphers, Ann. Surgimiento y decadencia de San Lorenzo, Veracruz. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 36-42.Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004.Gonzalez Lauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A, La Venta, Tabasco. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 49-54.Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35.Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Expressing an Opinion in German

Expressing an Opinion in German If youve got an opinion, the German language has a ton of ways to express it. Not all are as straight forward as Ich stimme zu  (I agree). Some are phrases and idioms you need to memorize to carry on a natural-sounding conversation.   Here are some common ways to your opinion in German.   Expressing Agreement and Disagreement Das ist zweifelhaft.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   That is doubtful.Das stimmt (nicht).  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   Thats (not) right.Da haben Sie (Un)Recht. –   You are (not) right.Das finde ich auch. –   I think so, too.Sie haben (nicht) recht. –   You are (not) right.Da bin ich ganz Ihrer(anderer) Meinung. –   I completely (dis)agree with you.Ich teile Ihre Meinung. –  I share your opinion.Natà ¼rlich/Selbstverstndlich (nicht)!  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Of course (not)!Darà ¼ber sind wir uns einig.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Were in agreement with that.Genau/Eben. – Exactly.Da stimme ich mit Ihnen à ¼berein. – I completely agree with you.Da muss ich widersprechen.  I have to disagree with that.Ganz und gar nicht.  Not at all/Absolutely not.  Keinesfalls. – No way.Auf keinem Fall. – Absolutely not.Wir sind damit einverstanden. - We agree on that.Ich bin fà ¼r/gegen ... – I am for/against ...Ich bin pro/contra ... – I am for/against ...D a liegen Sie và ¶llig falsch. – Youre completely wrong with that.So ein Quatsch/Was fà ¼r ein Blà ¶dsinn! – What nonsense/rubbish! Expressing Indifference Das ist mir egal.  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Its all the same to me/I dont care.Es ist mir và ¶llig gleichgà ¼ltig. – I dont care at all.Das macht mir nichts aus. – It doesnt matter to me.Macht nichts. – Doesnt matter.Das ist mir wurscht. – I couldnt care less.Ich habe nichts dagegen. – I have nothing against it.Meinetwegen †¦ – As far as Im concerned ...Von mir aus †¦ - As far as Im concerned ...   Asking for Somebodys Opinion Was halten Sie von †¦? – What do you think of ...?Was denken Sie à ¼ber ....? – What do you think about ...?Wie ist Ihre Meinung à ¼ber ...?  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ What is your opinion on ...?Wie ist Ihre Ansicht à ¼ber ...? – What is your view on ...?Wie finden Sie ...? – What do you think of ...?Sind Sie der Meinung, dass ...? – Are you of the opinion of/that ...?Sind Sie der Ansicht, dass ...? – Are you of the view that ...?

Social Psychology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Social Psychology - Assignment Example The people of different races are provided equal access to education and job opportunities. It is largely believed that the provision of equal opportunities would increase the tolerance level and a feeling of fraternity between different races. However racism and discrimination is realities that do exist at some level till date. We still have a long way to go. The results of the Clarke and Clark study demonstrated that young African American children in segregated school gave priority to the white dolls over the black dolls as opposed to children in integrated schools. It is said to reflect the low self esteem, self depreciation and self-hate amongst the children as a function of the segregation. This experiment practically demonstrates that the young children are taught from the beginning to accept and endorse the separation and inequality on the basis of their skin color alone. The children by choosing to opt for the white doll negated the principle of humanity that should be followed at all costs. The young and impressionable minds learned from an early age that they were inferior to their white counterparts. The effects of discrimination in the personality development and the over all perception of on life is drastic because they happen at such an early influence able stage (Killen and Levi, 2010). The black people who tend to face discrimination have such low self esteem that they are known to settle for jobs which pays inadequately. On top of dealing with the inner demons, the black people also have to overcome many a mental stereotypes and a substandard preformed ideology about them at the societal level. Their feelings of self worth is further depreciated and infringed when they are discriminated and segregated at a larger scale. According to the experiment of Clarke and Clark the segregation and discrimination at an early point in life

Air Canada Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Air Canada - Case Study Example One of the ways shows that a section of politicians preferred to support the management in order to prevent to control the actions of the workers (Organization behavior). Another level of influence suggests that the political order was largely conditioned by the desire by the politicians to protect the interests of the workers from the bad policies of the political establishment. In 2011, there was conflict between the union and the management and the union members against the government. The best solution was to hold negotiations and identify the root cause of the conflict hence address the issue comprehensively. In the new labor agreement negotiations, there were negotiation errors made by Air Canada Management that can be explained in terms of its omission of specific matters that touched on the welfare of the flight attendants. The management did not directly address the concerns of the flight attendants with regard to pensions and compensations. The conflict that ensued was mainly caused by the rigidness of the parties involved. In this particular negotiation the management should have demonstrated their willingness to create better standards for their attendants and incorporate the aspect of motivation and trust. In any negotiations, success or failure is determined by how the parties involved in the conflicts balance their priorities in line with the situation at hand (Berkowitz).Case analyses have shown that the use of legal or structural coercion to force certain objectives is not sustainable and usually heightens the levels of conflict. Mills, Albert J, Mills, Jean Helms. "Masculinity and the Making of Trans-Canada Air Lines, 1937-1940: A Feminist Poststructuralist Account." Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences (March 2006.):

Resistivity Coursework Essay Example for Free

Resistivity Coursework Essay Theory suggests that the resistance of a wire is found with this formula: R=? L/A R = Resistance ? = Resistivity of wire L = length of wire A = cross-sectional area I will now perform an investigation to confirm the legitimacy of this formula and confirm a value for ? in a Nichrome wire. Planning A4c: Fully labelled Diagram A4d, A6d: Comprehensive list of Apparatus including Instrument Ranges Variable power supply unit Analogue ammeter, accuracy 0. 01A, range 0 to 1. 0A Analogue Voltmeter, accuracy 0. 1V, range 0 to 5V Copper leads x5 Crocodile clip x2 Nichrome Wire (diameter=4. 57 x 10-4m). Ruler, accuracy 0. 001m, range 0 to 1. 000m A2c: Safety Confirm the Initial power supply is at 0 volts other wise huge voltages will most likely cause unnecessary heating in wires including the Nichrome not only a hazard but may compromise my readings. Make sure my practical investigation is free of all or any obstructions; any unnecessary wires may cause a short circuit leading to damaging the power supply unit, ammeters and voltmeters. A4b, A6a: Identifying Variables and Constants The variables in this investigation are voltage (V), resistance (R) and length of Nichrome wire (L). Resistance and length are directly proportional to each other. Constants are current (I), cross sectional area of wire (A) Resistivity (? ) and temperature of the Nichrome wire. An R against L graph must look like this, (look below,) if resistance and length are directly proportional to each other. A4c: Detailed Plan   confirm power supply unit is at 0v construct apparatus as illustrated in diagram   connect voltmeter negative crocodile clip on 0. 100m   increase current to 0. 30A   take reading from voltmeter as quickly as possible for the wire to remain at the same   switch off power when entering the reading into required data   connect the voltmeter negative crocodile clip to increased 0. 200m   repeat process till I reach 1. 000m   repeat the whole process again but with 0. 60A   plot a graph of R vs. L which is required to be a straight line through the origin   use the graph of R vs. L to find the value of R use Display complete essay. The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section. Download this essay Print Save Heres what a teacher thought of this essay 4 star(s)

Foreshadowing in Shirley Jacksons The Lottery Essay -- Shirley Jackso

Foreshadowing in Shirley Jackson's The Lottery      Ã‚  Ã‚   "The Lottery," a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about a disturbing social practice.   The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred denizens.   On June twenty-seventh of every year, the members of this traditional community hold a village-wide lottery in which everyone is expected to participate.   Throughout the story, the reader gets an odd feeling regarding the residents and their annual practice.   Not until the end does he or she gets to know what the lottery is about.   Thus, from the beginning of the story until almost the end, there is an overwhelming sense that something terrible is about to happen due to the Jackson's effective use of foreshadowing through the depiction of characters and setting.   Effective foreshadowing builds anticipation for the climax and ultimately the main theme of the story - the pointless nature of humanity regarding tradition and cruelty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first hint that insinuates the abnormality of this lottery is seen in the second paragraph of the story.   The narrator describes the day as very lovely, but strikes a contrast between the pleasant atmosphere of the town and the activity of the people that are gathering in the square.   "Bobby Martin had already stuffed his pockets full of stones, a... ...le contradicts the pleasant ambience of the town.   When the foreshadowing job reaches its goal, it leads to the climatic point of the story.   Through this climax, the reader sees the cruelty of the residents and how they undervalue life for this particular ritual. Works Cited: Jackson, Shirley. "The Lottery." Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense. 5th ed. Ed. Laurence Perrine. San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Publishers 1998. Magill, Frank N. "Shirley Jackson." Critical Survey of Short Fiction. Salem Press, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1981. 1668-1674. Nebeker, Helen C. 'The Lottery': Symbolic Tour de Force." American Literature 46 March 1974.

Hsm 220 Final

Proposal to offer basic skills and vocational training programs in the community. Heather Craigen HSM 220 January 20, 2013 Although everyone certainly has a different story to tell, there seems to be a sort of toughness that resonates from those who have dropped out of school. In order to capture the attention that by all accounts is hard to keep captivated, you must put together a statement of opportunity that sparks their curiosity and peaks their interest.The dropout rate is having considerable impact on the community and there must be an intervention to put a stop to the current rate of teens that dropout instead of staying in school to empower themselves and to enlighten a city of the potential that still exists there. For those that remain stagnant in the community, it is important to set up a program that qualifies them in basic skills along with vocational training which will help them in their quest for employment in the community.Putting together a program is challenging, b ut the end result will prove well worth the effort put forth into it. The environmental factors that must be evaluated are the funding that is available and projected to be available in the years to follow. The economics of the area must be a factor as well. With businesses moving elsewhere, there must be a feasible alternative to each of the necessary components. Area demographics, community needs, and obtainable labor should be reviewed. The finance that is available must be utilized and spoken for when it comes to budgeting.In reality, the first year will be the starter year and we are looking at what it would cost per eligible student at a rate of 1,000 students and then at a rate of 2,000 students the following year. Local laws and regulations, and professional expectations must be examined and incorporated into our philosophy. We want to offer an opportunity that the entire community will grasp while doing everything that we are supposed to do. New technology as well as new pr actice models should be investigated.In order to have the success rate that I project that we will achieve, it is necessary to keep all technological advances current with the best that is financially feasible. It is better to spend more in the beginning than to have to continually update because programs are not up to speed. As we create the project, emphasis needs to be on strong management and training skills to ensure optimum success. It is important to get people in there that want to be there. Technology changes and improves daily and in order to keep up with other companies, you must keep up with the technological advances that are available to you.I feel the same about human resources. You need to evaluate the performance of all employees to give recognition (pay raise, promotion†¦) where needed and also to weed out those who are not performing as they should. There are too many qualified candidates out there that desperately want to work so there is no reason or excuse to let one slide by who is not fulfilling their duties that pertain to their job. The following is the Line Item Budget Table for Year One and the Line Item Budget Table for Year Two and subsequent years. Immediately following that is the Functional and Program Budget Table for Year One with projected students at 1,000.Operating Expenses:| Per Year| Rent | $125,000 | Utilities | $100,000 | Office supplies | $25,000 | Equipment/lease | $50,000 | Transportation and travel | $100,000 | Outside consultants | $100,000 | Overhead costs | $100,000 | Personnel expenses:| Annual Salary| Number of FTEs| Executive director | $100,000| 1| Training supervisor | $80,000| 1| Trainers | $50,000| 10| Administrative coordinator | $45,000| 1| Administrative staff | $25,000| 3| Employee-related benefit expenses @ 25% | $200,000| | Line Item Budget Table Year One Executive Director| 100,000| Training Supervisor| 80,000| Trainers| 500,000 (50,000 X 10)|Administrative Coordinator| 45,000| Administrative Staff| 75,000 (25,000 X 3)| Employee Related Business Expenses| 200,000| Rent| 125,000| Utilities| 100,000| Office Supplies| 25,000| Equipment/Lease| 50,000| Transportation and Travel| 100,000| Outside Consultants| 100,000| Overhead Costs| 100,000| Total| 1,600,000| Line Item Budget Table Year Two+ Executive Director| 100,000| Training Supervisor| 80,000| Trainers| 750,000 (75,000 X10)| Administrative Coordinator| 67,500| Administrative Staff| 111,000 (37,000 X 3)| Employee Related Business Expenses| 300,000| Rent| 187500| Utilities| 150,000| Office Supplies| 37,500|Equipment/Lease| 75,000| Transportation and Travel| 150,000| Outside Consultants| 150,000| Overhead Costs| 150,000| Total| 2,308,500| Functional and Program Budget Table Year One | Basic Skills Program (@60%)| Vocational Program (@40%)| Indirect Costs| Totals| Executive Director| | | 100,000| 100,000| Training Supervisor| | | 80,000| 80,000| Trainers| 300,000| 200,000| | 500,000| Administrative Coordinator| 27,000| 18,00 0| | 45,000| Administrative Staff| 45,000| 30,000| | 75,000| Employee Related Bussiness Expenses| 84,000| 56,000| 60,000| 200,000| Rent| 75,000| 50,000| | 125,000| Utilities| 60,000| 40,000| | 100,000|Office Supplies| 15,000| 10,000| | 25,000| Equipment/Lease| 30,000| 20,000| | 50,000| Transportation and Travel| 60,00| 40,000| | 100,000| Outside Consultants| 60,000| 40,000| | 100,000| Overhead Costs| 60,000| 40,000| | 100,000| Total| 816,000| 544,000| 240,000| 1,600,000| | | | | | The total budget need per eligible student for each program would be: Basic Skills Program: 816,000 divided by 1,000= $816per eligible student Vocational Program: 544,000 divided by 1,000= $544 per eligible student Indirect Costs: 240,000 divided by 1,000= $240 per eligible student Total Functional Budget: 1,600,000 divided by 1,000= $1600 per eligible student

Learning and Sleep Essay

Title: 234 Provide support for sleep Level: 2 Credit Value: 2 GLH 13 Learning Outcomes The learner will; Assessment Criteria The learner can; 1. Understand the importance of sleep 1Explain how sleep contributes to an individual’s well-being 2Identify reasons why an individual may find it hard to sleep 3Describe the possible short-term and long-term effects on an individual who is unable to sleep well 2. Be able to establish conditions suitable for sleep 1 Describe conditions likely to be suitable for sleep 2 Minimise aspects of the environment likely to make sleep difficult for an individual. 3 Adjust own behaviour to contribute to a restful environment 4 Describe actions to take if the behaviour or movement of others hinders an individual’s ability to sleep 3. Be able to assist an individual to sleep 1Explain the importance of a holistic approach to assisting sleep 2Encourage the individual to communicate the support they need to sleep 3Assist the individual to find a position for sleep consistent with their plan of care 4Support the individual to use aids for sleep in ways that reflect the plan of care and follow agreed ways of working 4. BE ABLE TO MONITOR SLEEP 1ESTABLISH WITH THE INDIVIDUAL. and others how sleep will be monitored 2Record agreed observations relating to the individual’s sleep and the assistance given 5. Know how to access information and advice about difficulties with sleep 1Describe situations in which additional information or assistance about sleep would be needed 2Explain how to access additional information and assistance Additional information An individual is someone requiring care or support Agreed ways of working will include policies and procedures where these exist Others may include: †¢family †¢friends †¢advocates †¢line manager †¢health professionals. †¢others who are important to the individual’s well-being Unit aim (s) This unit is aimed at those working in a wide range of settings. It provides the learner with the knowledge and skills required to establish conditions suitable for sleep and support the individual to sleep. Assessment requirements specified by a sector or regulatory body (if appropriate) This unit must be assessed in accordance with Skills for Care and Development’s QCF Assessment Principles. Learning outcomes 2, 3 and 4 must be assessed in a real work environment. Details of the relationship of the unit and relevant national occupational standards HSC216.

Stirling Engine Overview

Stirling Engine Overview Free Online Research Papers Of all of the heat engines developed today the Stirling engine has the greatest promise to be the most efficient. Theoretically, the Stirling engine has the ability to function at the full Carnot efficiency. However friction, thermal conductivity and other variables keep it from ever reaching that theoretical potential. Stirling engines, being â€Å"external combustion† engines, are very smooth running and very quiet. Also, because the Stirling engine uses an external heat source, it can be run on whatever is available that makes heat.(1) In this paper we are going to look at the history of the Stirling engine, how it works, and the different configurations in which it can be built. Further, we are going to look at the pros and cons of the Stirling engine, different applications, and how new technology is being developed using the Stirling model. History: With the dangers of early steam engines, Dr. Robert Stirling and his brother James sought to create a safer alternative. In 1816 the Stirling brothers patented the Stirling Air Engine.(2) Originally the patent was for a heat exchanger that Stirling called an â€Å"economizer†. Rolf Meijer coined the name â€Å"Stirling engine† approximately one hundred years later in order to describe all types of closed cycle regenerative gas engines. The original patent went on to describe one possible application for the economizer, it could be used as an air engine. Robert and his brother James continued to apply for patents that covered various improved configurations of the original design. One very important improvement was pressurization, which increased the power output of the engine. Although the Stirling engine was unable to compete with the steam engine in large-scale operations, it did find success in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century wherever a reliable source of low to medium power was required.(3) â€Å"These generally operated at lower temperatures so as not to tax available materials, and thus tended to be rather inefficient. Their major selling point was that they could be operated safely by anyone capable of managing a fire.†(4) As technology improved the appeal of Stirling engine was reduced by the electric motor and was mostly relegated to toys. How it works: The Stirling engine moves through four basic processes, cooling, compression, heating, and expansion. The fixed mass working fluid (commonly air, hydrogen, or helium) moves between two heat exchangers, one heat exchanger to facilitate the absorption of heat and the other to discharge the heat absorbed. In the engine there are two pistons (mechanically linked) exposed to the working fluid at each heat exchanger. The change in working fluid temperature causes a change in the working fluid pressure, which in turn drives the pistons.(5) When most of the working fluid is in contact with the hot heat exchanger, it pushes the â€Å"Hot Piston† to the bottom of its cylinder extracting work from the fluid (power stroke). The â€Å"Cold Piston† being mechanically linked (at 90 ° on a flywheel) to the â€Å"Hot Piston†, is pushed to the top of its cylinder (compression stroke). With the bulk of the working fluid being heated, heat from the hot side bleeds into the cold side causing some expansion and starts to push the â€Å"Cold Piston† toward the bottom of its cylinder (power stroke) extracting more work from of the hot working fluid. As the â€Å"Cold Piston† continues to travel to the bottom of the cylinder the working fluid is at its maximum volume and the â€Å"Hot Piston† begins its travel to the top of its cylinder (compression stroke) moving the bulk of the hot working fluid to the cold side. The working fluid starts to cool and the â€Å"Cold Piston† powered by the momentum of the flywheel, begins its travel to the top of its cylinder (compression stroke). As the working fluid reaches its minimum volume it absorbs heat from the hot side, the working fluid on the hot side increases in temperature, the pressure increases and starts to drive the piston to the bottom of its cylinder (power stroke). Once more placing the bulk of the working fluid in contact with the hot heat exchanger beginning the process again.(6) Configurations: Stirling engines are differentiated into three types; Alpha (operation explained in the preceding section), Beta, and Gamma. The differences are found in the movement of the working fluid between the heat exchangers. The Alpha Stirling utilizes two separate cylinders and power pistons. â€Å"The hot piston cylinder is situated inside the higher temperature heat exchanger and the cool piston cylinder is situated inside the low temperature heat exchanger. This type of engine has a very high power-to-volume ratio†(7) The Beta Stirling has a single power piston arranged within the same cylinder on the same shaft as a displacer piston. The displacer piston however, is fit loosely in the cylinder and extracts no power from the expanding working fluid. Typically, the Beta is attached to a flywheel to enhance its performance.(8) The Gamma Stirling is a Beta with the power piston mounted in a separate cylinder adjacent to the displacer piston cylinder but is still connected by the same flywheel. The working fluid flows freely between the cylinders and remains in a single unit. This configuration is usually used in tandem with other Gamma Stirling engines. Pros and Cons: Pros: Due to their ability to run on any heat source, the Stirling isn’t restricted to combustible fuel sources. They can operate on heat from solar, geothermal, biological, nuclear, and waste heat from industrial processes. Bearings and seals are typically found on the cool side (Beta and Gamma), they need less lubrication and have more longevity than other reciprocating engines. Stirling engines use a single-phase working fluid that maintains an internal pressure close to the design pressure. They run quietly and don’t require an air supply.(9) Cons: There are high costs due to the need for durable materials to handle the heat and pressure load. These materials also must be resistant to creep from the cyclical nature of the engine. Because of the external heat source, a warm-up time is required before useful power can be produced and the Stirling engine can’t change its power output quickly.(10) The dissipation of waste heat can be challenging and difficult to manage. â€Å"The coolant temperature is kept as low as possible to maximize thermal efficiency. This increases the size of the radiators, which can make packaging difficult.†(11) Applications: Today, Stirling engines are used in some very specialized applications, like in submarines or auxiliary power generators, where quiet operation is important. The SES (Solar Dish Stirling) technology is well beyond the research and development stage, with more than 20 years of recorded operating history. The equipment is well characterized with over 25,000 hours of on-sun time. Since 1984, the Companys solar dish Stirling equipment has held the worlds efficiency record for converting solar energy into grid-quality electricity.(12) In space, solar powered Free Piston Stirling Engines (FPSEs) are producing electricity to meet the needs of astronauts without having to rely as much on a finite amount of fuel. â€Å"high efficiency, low mass 35 W free-piston Stirling engine design. Overall (engine plus linear alternator) thermodynamic performance greater than 50% of Carnot, with a specific power close to 100 W/kg appears to be a reasonable goal at this small power level†Ã¢â‚¬ The use of high efficiency FPSEs would allow a reduction in the radioisotope fuel by a factor of roughly four compared to existing RTGs. Free-piston Stirling engines and cryocoolers are demonstrating long life capability, and significant strides in performance of Stirling cycle machines have been made in the commercial sector.†(13) The Stirling engine has also seen success as a Heat-pump and Reverse Heat-pump. As a Heat-pump the Stirling engine pumps heat from the outside of a building to heat the interior rather cheaply.(14) Inversely, as a Reverse Heat-pump the Stirling engine removes heat from a cryo-coolers dropping temperatures to -200 °C (73 °Kelvin). Depending upon their design, the Stirling Reverse Heat-pump can drop temperatures as low as 60 °Kelvin 40 °Kelvin.(15) New Technology: In an effort to cool motherboards for better performance and increased longevity, the â€Å"Air Power Cooler† is in development. It transfers the chipset heat into air momentum. When the heat from the chipset radiates into the air of the cylinder, the air expands and pushes the piston to rotate the fan and in doing so cooling the heat sink immediately. After the air moves from the bottom to top of the piston, the air will become heavy to push the up piston down. This air piston design which is called the â€Å"Electricity-less Fan†, can transfer over 70% heat power to air power thus very efficiently and effectively cooling the chipset.(16) Currently Dean Kamen (the inventor of the Segway) is working to develop a Stirling engine that will re-charge a battery in an electric car while the car is in operation. Its range would be extended significantly.(17) Conclusion: In a global climate of shrinking resources, the Stirling engine has proven itself to be worth our time and effort to examine and experiment with. Incorporating a design that is elegantly simplistic, the Stirling engine has successfully stood the test of time. As we examined how the Stirling engine worked, we found it to be incredibly efficient. We also looked at the different configurations and saw a variety of very creative ways the concept has been applied. When looking over the pros and cons we saw that there was some issues to workout for mass production, though when examining the applications there were specialized instances where the pros clearly out weighed the cons. Lastly, we looked at the â€Å"up and coming† new technology enhancing the Stirling engine and making it worthy of vernacular application. With the increasing pressure for efficiency it’s a very exciting time for the Stirling engine. Bibliography: 1. Gurstelle, William. â€Å"Two-can Stirling engine†, Make (2007): 91-101 2. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 1.1 History†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 3. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 1.1 History†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 4. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 1.1 History†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 5. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 2.1 The engine cycle†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 6. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 4.1 Alpha Stirling†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 7. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 4.1 Alpha Stirling†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 8. Karim Nice, â€Å"Displacer-type Stirling engine†. How Stuff Works. Available from How Stuff Works. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine2.htm. Accessed 9 April 2008 9. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 8.0 Advantages of Stirling engines†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 10. Karim Nice, â€Å"Why aren’t Stirling engines more common?†. How Stuff Works. Available from How Stuff Works. http://auto.howstuffworks.com/stirling-engine4.htm. Accessed 9 April 2008 11. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 9.1 Size and cost issues†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 12. Unknown, â€Å"What is a Stirling engine?†. SES Stirling Energy Systems. Available from SES Stirling Energy Systems. stirlingenergy.com/whatisastirlingengine.htm. Accessed 9 April 2008 13. J. Gary Wood and Neill Lane, â€Å"Advanced 35 W Free-Piston Stirling for Space Power Applications†, Available from Sunpower Inc. sunpower.com/lib/sitefiles/pdf/publications/Doc0083.pdf. Accessed 9 April 2008 14. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 10.4 Heat pump†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 15. Unknown, â€Å"Stirling engine, 10.3 Stirling Cryocoolers†. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, 9 April 2008. Available from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_engine. Accessed 9 April 2008. 16. Unknown. â€Å"World’s First Powerless Air Cooler on a Motherboard!†. Micro-Star International (MSI), February 29, 2008. Available from Micro-Star International (MSI). hexus.net/content/item.php?item=12110. Accessed 9 April 2008. 17. Hank Green. â€Å"Segway Inventor Focusing on Green Cars†. Ecogeek, August 11, 2007. Available from Ecogeek. ecogeek.org/content/view/872/. Accessed 9 April 2008 Research Papers on Stirling Engine OverviewThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperMind TravelIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductBringing Democracy to Africa

What Is the SAT Waitlist Should You Get on It

What Is the SAT Waitlist Should You Get on It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Did you miss the registration deadline for the SAT test date you wanted? Don't fear- you still might have a chance to take the test if you get on the waitlist. In this article, we give you instructions on how to register for the SAT waitlist, followed by some advice on whether it's the right choice for you. Requesting SAT Waitlist Status You can request waitlist status between the late registration deadline and five days before the test date.This request must be made through your College Board account. There, you can choose only one test center and test type (either the regular SAT or any SAT Subject Tests without listening sections). Here's a table of theSAT test dates for 2018-19 along with the latest dates you can sign up for the SAT waitlist: Test Date Waitlist Deadline August 25, 2018 August 20, 2018 October 6, 2018 October 1, 2018 November 3, 2018 October 29, 2018 December 1, 2018 November 26, 2018 March 9, 2019 March 4, 2019 May 4, 2019 April 29, 2019 June 1, 2019 May 27, 2019 Source: The College Board Waitlist registration works almost the same way as normal registrationdoes. You'll need to pay for test registration ($47.50 without the Essay, $64.50 with the Essay), upload a photo of yourself, and print out your Waitlist Ticket,which will be delivered to you via your online account. SAT Waitlist: What Happens the Day of the Test Students on the SAT waitlist are admitted to the test center on a first-come, first-served basis. If there are enough materials left in terms of test booklets, staff members/proctors, and seats after all the normal registration students have been accounted for, you will be able to take the test. You'll need topay awaitlist fee of $51if you're admitted to the test center on the test date you request. Unfortunately, fee waivers are not accepted for the waitlist fee. The good news is that if you're not admitted to the test center on that date, your registration fee will be refunded. Make sure youbring an acceptable photo IDand your Waitlist Ticket,along with other supplies you’ll need for the SAT.If you need to test with accommodations, you'll still be able to do so as long as your situation doesn’t involve any special equipment. For example, if you need extended time or extended breaks, you should be able to test with those conditions, provided they're confirmed by your Waitlist Ticket. However, anything that requires extra setup or coordination, such as a computer for the essay, a scribe, a magnifier or other seeing accommodation, or a readerwon't be available if you test with waitlist status. The Waitlist Ticket provides you with an all-access tour of the College Board factory- if you are pure of heart, you just might inherit the factory from Dr. S.A.T. College Board! 3 Reasons to Get on the SAT Waitlist Is the SAT waitlist the right choice for you? Remember, you only have until five days before the test date to sign up for it.If one of the following three situations applies to you, you should think about getting on the SAT waitlist. #1: This Is Your Last Chance to Take the SAT If it’s your senior year and you just missed the late registration deadline for the December SAT test date, you might consider getting on the waitlist. Many colleges won’t accept test scores from SATs taken later than December of your senior year.If you’re still unsatisfied with your scores and believe you could do better if you took the test one more time, sign up for the waitlist so you have that chance. #2: It’s Important to Your Game Plan That You Take the SAT at This Time If you've been planning for this date for a while and know it’s the best time for you to take the test when considering your overall college application plan, consider getting on the SAT waitlist. For example, if this is a test date in the spring of your junior year and you want to use the results to study over the summer for your last chance at the SAT in August or the fall of your senior year, the waitlist is a good option. In general, if this was supposed to be a benchmark test for you (your first test junior fall, your second test junior spring, or your last test senior fall) but you forgot to register, you would be smart to consider going on the waitlist to keep yourself on track. #3: You Want to Get the Question-and-Answer Service (QAS) The Question-and-Answer Service (QAS)is the SAT’s most comprehensive score review resource. It gives you a copy of your test booklet and provides details for all questions you answered correctly and incorrectly (and for any you skipped- though you should always answer every question!).It is only available for theOctober, March, and May test dates. If you know that you won’t get another opportunity to use the QAS as a study tool should you miss this test date, you should consider signing up for the SAT waitlist.Remember, on other test dates you can still order the Student Answer Service (SAS), which is essentially a less in-depth version of the QAS. Your final scores are just the tip of the SAT iceberg. You'll need to plunge into the watery depths with the QAS to find out how to improve them. 2 Reasons to Wait for the Next SAT Test Date Sometimes it’s not a good idea to get on the SAT waitlist. It’s a lot of extra money, and you might not absolutely need to take the SAT on this test date.Here are a couple of reasons to hold off. #1: Waiting Until the Next Date Won't Impact Your Plans Much For example, if it’s your junior year and you missed the October registration deadline, it might not be a big deal for you to take the test in November instead.You would still get in one SAT during your junior fall and have time in-between that test and other test dates in the winter and spring to study. #2: The Waitlist Fee Is Too Large of a Financial Burden As mentioned above, you can’t get a fee waiver for the waitlist fee.If you think it’s going to be a big strain on you to pay the extra $51, don’t go on the waitlist unless it’s really your last chance to take the SAT and you're counting on a higher score to get into your dream college. The Bottom Line: Getting on the SAT Waitlist You can put yourself on the SAT waitlist up to five days before a test date.It’s a $51 fee, but this is only charged to you if you're admitted to the test center. You'll also need to pay the registration fee for the SAT; however, this will be refunded to you if you aren't admitted to the test center. The SAT waitlist works on a first-come, first-served basis, so get there early! It's a good idea to consider getting on the SAT waitlist if you're relying on a particular test date to stay on track with your SAT study plan or if it’s your absolutelast chance to take the SAT before your college applications are due. On the other hand, it's probably not worth getting on the SAT waitlist if you can take the test on the next date without suffering any major consequences. Ultimately, you can avoid putting yourself in this waitlist situation by being aware of upcoming SAT test dates and registering for the test far in advance! What's Next? Still trying to decide whether the next SAT test date is a good fit for you? Read this article for our expert advice. If you're coming up on your senior fall, check out this in-depth guideto find out more about the best test dates for seniors. Already took the SAT and are waiting for your scores? Or perhaps you're trying to figure out how to interpret your results. Learn more about this process with our comprehensive guide. Concerned about or confused by your SAT scores?Get tips on how to order the Question-and-Answer Service and Student Answer Service or, for more extreme cases, Hand Score Verification. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Research on single mother Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research on single mother - Term Paper Example The research method used is based upon facts and credible sources in the form of surveying. Te main idea of the article focuses on which geographical areas, ethnic groups and peoples of certain wealth participate in breast feeding. It is proven that breastfeeding or human milk offers the breastfeeding child the best chances at fighting and preventing diseases. Since the use of human milk is so beneficial, it is important to get the information out there to those who are unaware of the benefits of breast milk. Programs such as the WIC (Women, Infant and Children Program) are quite beneficial at encouraging woman of low income or minority groups to breastfeed their children. Although the program encourages women to breast feed, the program does not encourage the continuation of breastfeeding. (Forste, Hoffmann2008) Data that has been collected can help to determine which targets need to be met and the benefits of meeting these targets. The article uses facts collected to provide accura te method. The method uses data that has been collected from the National Immunization Surveys. There data is collected from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These surveys took place in 2003 and 2004.